![]() The process of converting coordinates is, still, considered an important and difficult issue due to the way of conversion from geographic ellipsoidal system to the projected flat system. Finally, the results achieved from the dissertation are precise and accurate, which all the results are in the confident level that they are in the range of ±σ and ± 2σ. ![]() Moreover, the tow different methods were used to calculate and analysis the data. The data were collected within different observation that they are four, five, and six observations. For achieving the goal of the current dissertation ten trials have done with five main control stations. In order to address this problem this dissertation is proposed and examined a new method which is traversing by resection. However, in the case of having invisible control points, limited space to setup instruments (Total Station), and where using GPS is restricted or limited, it is not possible to use any traverse methods and adjustments. That is used where the control points are visible to each other, where there is enough space to setup instruments (Total Station), and where using GNSS (GPS) is available. ![]() The traversing is a very common method which is used to establish a high accurate control points and adjustment control networks. In addition, there are numerous of measurements and adjustments methods have been proposed. Considering this quality of measurements the highly developed survey instruments have been invented. The Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) and Geoscience Australia have provided Microsoft ® Excel spreadsheets for the calculations and this paper describes the method of computation suitable for cadastral surveys of limited extent.Įvery engineering surveying works require very precise and accurate measurement down to sub-millimetre. ![]() If the survey area is relatively small, say less the 25 square kilometres, certain approximations may be made that makes the first way a relatively simple exercise that avoids the need to deal with geodetic coordinates. The first method (computation on the UTM plane) generally requires iteration and is slow the second method (computation on the ellipsoid) is quicker. Given a set of cadastral traverse measurements reduced to a local plane, grid coordinates (), E N can be computed in two ways: (i) reduce the traverse measurements to a set of plane bearings and distances on the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection plane and then use plane trigonometry or (ii) compute geodetic coordinates (), φ λ directly using the direct and inverse cases on the ellipsoid and then transform these to grid coordinates. ![]()
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